Comparison of trophic position and littoral carbon in the diet of three-spined sticklebacks. Values for sticklebacks from Lake Constance in black (mean value of all analysed sticklebacks, independent of habitat), from North America in blue and Norway in red; error bars indicating standard deviation. The eight North American stickleback populations (Matthews et al. 2010) (PRL = Priest Lake, KL = Kennedy Lake, PAL = Paxton Lake, CL = Cranby Lake, DL = Dugout Lake) and the two from Norway (Østbye et al. 2016) (EP = Einletvatn pond, FL = Farstadtvatn lake) are subdivided into limnetic (n = 4), benthic (n = 4) and intermediate (n = 1) ecophenotypes.