Non-metric multidimensional scaling ordinations plotting gradients of phylogenetic distances (A, D), functional diversity (B, E), and ecosystem properties (C, F) above vegetation abundance data (corrected % cover), using MNTD as the underlying distance measure. Each dot corresponds to vegetation data collected from each of five plots within comparable invaded (I) and uninvaded (N) plots at each of three sites per invasive species (Gunnera tinctoria and Impatiens glandulifera). Analyses both include (A–C) and exclude the presence of the invaders (D–F).