Non-metric multidimensional scaling ordinations plotting gradients of phylogenetic distances (A, D), functional diversity (B, E), and ecosystem properties (C, F) above seed bank density data (seedlings per square metre), using MNTD as the underlying distance measure. Each dot corresponds to seed bank data collected twice (spring and autumn), from each of five plots within comparable invaded (I) and uninvaded (N) plots, at each of three sites per invasive species (Gunnera tinctoria and Impatiens glandulifera). Analyses both include (A–C) and exclude the presence of the invaders (D–F). Spring and autumn seed banks are displayed as separate plots.