Frequency of significant plant invader impacts vs. percentage of non-significant impacts (grey bars) studied in field conditions in Europe. Blue and orange bars indicate the percentage of decreases and increases, respectively. See Tables 1, 2 for impact type classification.

 
 
  Part of: Vilà M, Trillo A, Castro-Díez P, Gallardo B, Bacher S (2024) Field studies of the ecological impacts of invasive plants in Europe. NeoBiota 90: 139-159. https://doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.90.112368