Scheme of origin of the hemiparasites’ seeds used in the cultivation experiment. In October 2019, seeds of Melampyrum arvense and Rhinanthus alectorolophus from a single population per species, originating from a species-rich grassland, were sown in monostands of the host species Solidago gigantea and Symphyotrichum lanceolatum. By 2021, hemiparasite seeds collected from the host species’ monostands and the original hemiparasite population were used in the cultivation experiment resulting in three types of hemiparasite seed sources: ‘naïve’, ‘home’ and ‘cross’.