Relationships between Flight Initiation Distance (FID, in meters) and proximate predictors. These include A starting distance B immediate human density C height D escape mode, and E group size. Raw data are plotted in all figures, instead of the model predicted leverages. When fitted in a full mixed model, starting distance, urbanization, absolute latitude and intro- duction lag (the last three predictors shown in Fig. 3) were significantly associated with FID while altitude was not Shaded areas represent 95% CIs of the significant slopes; * represents a significant difference.