Invasive species directly interact with native species by competition or facilitation e.g. for above and belowground resources, thereby changing the biotic and abiotic environment locally.

 
 
  Part of: Werner C, Hellmann C, Große-Stoltenberg A (2024) An integrative framework to assess the spatio-temporal impact of plant invasion on ecosystem functioning. NeoBiota 94: 225-242. https://doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.94.126714