Framework for integrating fine-scale environmental heterogeneity and functional changes into spatial models of invader-ecosystem interactions. Maps of biochemical and biophysical heterogeneous environments can be directly incorporated into predictive models of impact measures across different sites or stages of invasion. Essential complementary spatial data include the location of the invasive species, maps of functional tracers that reflect local changes in key functions induced by the invader, and maps of the recipient community structure and function (e.g. Hellmann et al. (2017)). Technological advances in measurement techniques, sensor networks, and remote sensing will facilitate the collection of high-resolution data on the environmental context, the invasive species, and the recipient community, thereby improving the understanding of invasion dynamics and processes, particularly at the neighbourhood scale.