Recruitment of native perennials and final community composition by treatment. Native perennials were seeded into plots representing native, naturalized, or invasive annuals, and controls, and their mean abundance (+ 1 SE) was measured by a seedling recruitment in 2017 and 2018, and b biomass relative to that of focal annuals at the end of the study in 2019. Sown native and naturalized annuals were allowed to colonize plots where they were not seeded and are included in focal annual biomass in all cases except the invasive treatment, where they were a minor component (Fig. 1). Native perennials were sown in fall 2016, counted and removed in spring 2017, and then sown again in 2017 and counted in 2018 to give two years of recruitment data. Perennial seedlings from 2018 were allowed to grow through the subsequent growing season to evaluate succession. Within-year patterns for each variable were evaluated with post-hoc comparisons when the treatment effect was significant (P < 0.05), and means that do not share letters are significantly different.