Partial dependence plots (PDP) using linear smoothing of the most important variables (over of 40% in cumulate importance) on the RF models for areas of alien reduction (RED_∆LMCAR). a RED_∆PLANDCAR b RED_∆PDCAR c RED_∆EDCAR d RED_∆AREA_MNCAR). Red dotted lines represent raw PDP curves. The importance of each variable is indicated by the Mean Decrease Importance (MDI) value. For land-cover classes, see Table 1 and for pattern metrics description, see Table 2.