Ternary diagrams of functional (A) α diversity and (C) β diversity for native and invasive species at low and high elevations. One-way ANOVA with holm-adjusted multiple comparisons for each of the functional (B) α diversity and (D) β diversity components were shown in boxplots, with different letters indicating significant differences (p < 0.05). D, species dominance within plots; Q, functional diversity within plots; R, functional redundancy within plots; SBC, species similarity among plots; DKG, functional dissimilarity among plots; and Rβ, functional redundancy among plots.