Estimated odds ratio and associated 95 % confidence intervals for the demonstration of biotic homogenisation across all studies assessed (top) and studies organised by biogeographic areas (middle) and taxonomic group (bottom). Asterisks indicate statistically significant effects (p<0.05). Odds ratios were estimated from generalised linear mixed effect models using a binomial error structure where studies were coded 1 if they reported biotic homogenisation or 0 if they reported no significant change or biotic differentiation. Additionally, potential variations due to methodological factors were accounted for by specifying article identity, spatial grain, spatial extent, facet, temporal extent and metric as random effects in the models. Numbers in grey indicate the number of published articles for each group included in the models. Groups in middle and bottom panels represented by less than two articles were excluded from the analyses.