Assessing the ecological and societal impacts of alien parrots in Europe using a transparent and inclusive evidence-mapping scheme

Rachel L. White; Diederik Strubbe; Martin Dallimer; Zoe G. Davies; Amy J.S. Davis; Pim Edelaar; Jim Groombridge; Hazel A. Jackson; Mattia Menchetti; Emiliano Mori; Boris P. Nikolov; Liviu G. Pârâu; Živa F. Pečnikar; Tristan J. Pett; Luís Reino; Simon Tollington; Anne Turbé; Assaf Shwartz

doi:10.3897/neobiota.48.34222

Research Article

NeoBiota 48: 45-69
https://doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.48.34222 (15 Jul 2019)

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Current status of the 11 alien parrot species within Europe (as recognised by EASIN; https://easin.jrc.ec.europa.eu/). Information obtained from GAVIA database (Dyer et al. 2017) unless otherwise stated. Only countries where species have been assigned “Breeding” or “Established” status are included under “Other alien range”, whereas countries assigned “Unknown” or “Died Out” status are also included for European range.

Species name	Native range	Alien European range (Unknown, Died out)	Europe populations (size)	Other alien range: breeding/established	Impact status (EASIN)
Yellow-collared lovebird (Agapornis personatus)	Tanzania	France, Spain	Unknown	Burundi, Kenya	Low/unknown
Turquoise-fronted amazon (Amazona aestiva)	Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay	Italy, Spain (Germany, Switzerland)	Genoa, Milan, Valencia (Mori et al. 2013, 2017)	USA	Low/unknown
Yellow-crowned amazon* (Amazona ochrocephala)	Central and South America	(Germany, Italy: Mori et al. (2013, 2017))	Genoa, Milan, Stuttgart (50 since 1984) (Mori et al. 2013, 2017)	Barbados, Cayman Islands, Mexico, Netherlands Antilles, Puerto Rico, Trinidad, USA	Low/unknown
Blue-crowned parakeet (Aratinga acuticaudata)	South America	Spain, (UK, Italy: Mori et al. 2013)	Barcelona (8 pairs/25 birds) (Anton et al. 2017), Sabadell, Valencia. Less than 200 birds across Europe	USA	Low/unknown
Red-masked parakeet (Aratinga erythrogenys)	Ecuador, Peru	Spain	Barcelona, Seville, Valencia	Cayman Islands, USA,	Low/unknown
Mitred parakeet (Aratinga mitrata)	Argentina, Bolivia, Peru	Spain	Barcelona (100–150 birds) (Anton et al. 2017), Valencia, Mallorca.	Puerto Rico, USA	Low/unknown
Budgerigar (Melopsittacus undulatus)	Australia	Greece (Germany, Spain, Turkey, Austria, Belgium, Italy (Biondi et al. 2005), UK)	Unknown	Cayman Islands, Dominican Republic, Guadeloupe, Hong Kong, Jamaica, Japan, Mexico, Namibia, Oman, Puerto Rico, Qatar, Spain (Canary Islands), Taiwan, USA, Venezuela	Low/unknown
Monk parakeet (Myiopsitta monachus)	Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay	Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, UK (Denmark, Slovakia)	30 established populations. More than 22,000 individuals across Europe (Postigo J-L, pers. comm. 2018).	Australia, Canada, Cayman Islands, Chile, Dominican Republic, Guadeloupe, Israel, Japan, Kenya, Mexico, Puerto Rico, USA, Venezuela	High
Nanday parakeet (Nandayus nenday)	Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay	Spain	Barcelona (5 pairs) (Anton et al. 2017)	Israel, Puerto Rico, Spain (Canary Islands), USA	Low/unknown
Alexandrine parakeet (Psittacula eupatria)	Southern Asia	Belgium, Germany, Italy, Turkey (Greece, Netherlands, Spain, UK) (Ancillotto et al. 2016).	A minimum of 1000 individuals in Europe (Ancillotto et al. 2016; Gedeon et al. 2014)	Bahrain, Israel, Japan, Jordan, Oman, UAE, Yemen	Low/unknown^†
Ring-necked parakeet (Psittacula krameri)	Southern Asia and sub-Saharan Africa	Austria, Belgium, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Netherlands, Portugal, Slovenia, Spain, Turkey, UK (Ireland, Switzerland, Ukraine)	95 populations have established since the 1960s. At least 85,000 birds (Pârâu et al. 2016).	Australia, Bahrain, Barbados, Cape Verde, Cayman Islands, China, Cuba, Egypt, Hong Kong, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Japan, Jordan, Kenya, Kuwait, Lebanon, Maldives, Malta, Mauritius, Oman, Philippines, Puerto Rico, Qatar, Reunion, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, South Africa, Thailand, UAE, USA, Venezuela, Yemen	High