"Continuous predictors";"Mean (SD)";Range "Light environment:" "Gap light index (GLI)";"21 (14.6)";4–73 "Ground cover:" "Mineral soil cover (%)";"15 (12.4)";0–52 "Litter cover (%)";"32 (20.8)";0–85 "Rock cover (%)";"18 (13.9)";0–70 "Coarse woody debris cover (%)";"5 (6.1)";0–32 "Vegetation cover (%)";"29 (24.7)";0–92 "Propagule pressure:" "Distance to seed source (m)";"127 (65.1)";15–303 "Stand characteristics:" "Basal area per plot (m2 ha−1)";"36 (21.3)";5–121 Browsing: "Browsed competitors (%)";"40 (18.0)";0–100 "Categorical predictors";Levels;n Site;Locarno;29 "San Vittore";25 Sementina;35