Predicted damage cost per year associated with V. germanica impacts in WA over 20 years. Panels A, B, C and D show pollination, apiculture, viticulture and household damage costs, respectively, under both scenarios, while panel E shows the summed damage costs across all sectors under both scenarios. Box whisker plots indicate 5th, 25th, mean, 75thand 95thpercentile values, with shaded boxes representing the nil management scenario and hollow boxes the management scenario.