Examples of non-native, conifer-specialist insects, including (A) European spruce sawfly (Gilpinia hercyniae), (B) spruce needle aphid (Elatobium abietinum), (C) lesser spruce shoot beetle (Hylurgops palliatus), (D) hemlock woolly adelgid (Adelges tsugae), (E) pale juniper webworm (Aethes rutilana), (F) elongate hemlock scale (Fiorinia externa), (G) larch sawfly (Pristiphora erichsonii), and (H) Japanese cedar longhorned beetle (Callidiellum rufipenne) with the (I) mean (± SE) insect impact score (black bars) and within-group interrater agreement index (rWG , gray bars) for all 41 conifer-specialist insects assessed in this study.

 
 
  Part of: Schulz AN, Mech AM, Allen CR, Ayres MP, Gandhi KJK, Gurevitch J, Havill NP, Herms DA, Hufbauer RA, Liebhold AM, Raffa KF, Raupp MJ, Thomas KA, Tobin PC, Marsico TD (2020) The impact is in the details: evaluating a standardized protocol and scale for determining non-native insect impact. NeoBiota 55: 61-83. https://doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.55.38981