Biological study system

Collection of seeds

Cultivation of plant material

Measurement of plant traits

Climatic data for the original locations of the populations

Trade-offs between traits associated with growth and reproduction

Statistical analyses

Difference in S. oleraceus traits between native and introduced ranges without taking climatic covariates into account

Interactive effects of climate and range of origin on plant trait variation

Shifts in trade-offs between native and introduced ranges

Divergence in growth and resource acquisition traits between native and introduced populations

Moderate differences in reproductive but not in phenology and defence traits between native and introduced populations

Shift of the trade-offs between growth and reproduction between native and introduced populations