Ground cover of ferns, grasses, or lianas for the 384 1 m2 quadrats excluding recruiting and planted forest plants. Each colored square represents a 1 m2 quadrat in the (A) animal-dispersed, (W) wind-dispersed, or (C) unplanted control plots. Grass and liana quadrats were characterized as such when more than 50% of the ground cover was composed of grasses or lianas.