The Macroecological Framework for Invasive Aliens (MAFIA). The classes of factors introduced in Fig. 1 are distinguished by using the same colour codes, i.e. Alien species traits (including their values in the native range) in green, Location characteristics in blue and Event-related factors in orange, and individual factors are shown as operating along the introduction-naturalisation-invasion continuum (INIC). Species geographic attributes and Habitat & Climate in native range are in a different colour (purple) because they influence both Alien species traits and Event-related socioeconomic factors (by influencing the probability that a species will be transported by humans from its native range) but are not directly related to the Location characteristics in introduced range (i.e. to where the species will be introduced). Lineage survival probability is the probability that any one of the introduced individuals leaves a surviving lineage (i.e. founds a population). S, number of species introduced; N, number of individuals introduced per introduction event; I, number of introduction events. See text for explanation.