Relative frequency of independent variable classes related to (red bars) biological control agents, (blue bars) biological control targets, (green bars) host plants of targets, and (black bars) management A agent feeding strategy B agent host range C life-stage killed by the agent D parasitoid feeding behaviour E parasitoid brood size F parasitoid attack strategy G target feeding guild H target host range I target voltinism J plant attacked by target K plant parts attacked by target, and L number of introductions within agent-target combinations.

 
 
  Part of: Seehausen ML, Afonso C, Jactel H, Kenis M (2021) Classical biological control against insect pests in Europe, North Africa, and the Middle East: What influences its success? NeoBiota 65: 169-191. https://doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.65.66276