Trait changes across 60 days post-hatching in tadpoles: none of the observed traits were significantly different between origins (native rural – Durban Rural, native urban – Durban Urban, non-native urban – Cape Town). Presented are A snout-vent length (growth rate) B body volume C tail length D tail muscle height E tail fin height F maximum swimming velocity, and G maximum swimming acceleration. All morphological and performance variables were log-transformed prior to analysis and predicted data was back-transformed before plotting. Circles represent predictions from linear mixed effect models and the lines represent predicted linear regressions with 95% confidence intervals.

 
 
  Part of: Mühlenhaupt M, Baxter-Gilbert J, Makhubo BG, Riley JL, Measey J (2021) Growing up in a new world: trait divergence between rural, urban, and invasive populations of an amphibian urban invader. NeoBiota 69: 103-132. https://doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.69.67995