Invasion pattern of V. velutina in Portugal between 2013 and 2018 along the climatic gradient (TMP – Temperate climate, SP – Supramediterranean climate, MM – Mesomediterranean climate and TM – Thermomediterranean. The figure depicts the continuous distribution area of V. velutina in each year and the location of the outposts (points with the highest dispersal distances; see methods) by year. The suitable area for the species was retrieved from an unpublished work of the authors. The current invaded area (by May 2021) is also shown.

 
 
  Part of: Verdasca MJ, Rebelo H, Carvalheiro LG, Rebelo R (2021) Invasive hornets on the road: motorway-driven dispersal must be considered in management plans of Vespa velutina. NeoBiota 69: 177-198. https://doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.69.71352