Invasion pattern of V. velutina in Portugal between 2013 and 2018 along the climatic gradient (TMP – Temperate climate, SP – Supramediterranean climate, MM – Mesomediterranean climate and TM – Thermomediterranean. The figure depicts the continuous distribution area of V. velutina in each year and the location of the outposts (points with the highest dispersal distances; see methods) by year. The suitable area for the species was retrieved from an unpublished work of the authors. The current invaded area (by May 2021) is also shown.