Population size of invasive toads estimated by a stage-structured model simulating different removal proportions of pre-metamorphic individuals. Adult population size of invasive guttural toads, Sclerophrys gutturalis, in Cape Town estimated by a stage-structured model that simulates different removal proportions of pre-metamorphic individuals (eggs and tadpoles). Colours indicate different proportions of removal expressed in percentage. Black indicates a no-removal scenario. Management was simulated to start in 2011 and to be interrupted in late 2020 (removal phase), after which the model simulating the invasive population would be allowed to run for a further 10 years until 2030.