a canopy height (cm) b seed release height (cm) c length of the inflorescence (cm) during the time of biomass maximum for sites grouped according to climatic zones according to Metzger (2018). Climatic zones: ATC: atlantic central, CON: continental, ATN: atlantic north, NEM: nemoral, ALS: alpine south; BOR: boreal (includes the climate zone ALN, i.e. site TRON). Climatic zones are ordered according to decreasing mean annual temperatures. With the exception of ALS, the ordering corresponds to increasing northern latitude. Different letters indicate significant effects of climatic zone (p < 0.05).

 
 
  Part of: Ludewig K, Klinger YP, Donath TW, Bärmann L, Eichberg C, Thomsen JG, Görzen E, Hansen W, Hasselquist EM, Helminger T, Kaiskog F, Karlsson E, Kirchner T, Knudsen C, Lenzewski N, Lindmo S, Milberg P, Pruchniewicz D, Richter E, Sandner TM, Sarneel JM, Schmiede R, Schneider S, Schwarz K, Tjäder Å, Tokarska-Guzik B, Walczak C, Weber O, Żołnierz L, Eckstein RL (2022) Phenology and morphology of the invasive legume Lupinus polyphyllus along a latitudinal gradient in Europe. NeoBiota 78: 185-206. https://doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.78.89673