Origin effects (field experiment). Response of performance (a–c) traits in relation to origin of the seeds for each individual. Data shown are predicted values from the model ± SE. Native individuals (left, blue) originated from the field sites where the experimental plots were located. Invasive individuals (right, orange) originate from the Pacific Northwest. Herbivory (d) was assessed as a binary trait (presence/absence) only. N = 319 (a–c) and n = 322 (d). For depiction of raw data s. Suppl. material 1: fig. S3.