Phenology of breeding activities of European Goldfinches in the western Great Lakes region. Black vertical lines represent median dates. Boxes represent 1st and 3rd quartiles. Whiskers represents minimum and maximum dates, with solitary dots representing outliers. Breeding codes are as follows: FL (Recently Fledged Young), FY (Feeding Young), ON (Occupied Nest), N (Visiting Probable Nest Site), A (Agitated Behaviour), NB (Nest Building), CN (Carrying Nesting Material, C (Courtship Display or Copulation), P (Pair in Suitable Habitat), T (Territorial Defence), S7 (Singing Bird Present 7+ Days). Full definitions and application of these codes can be found at eBird (2021).