Data Paper |
Alexandra Zieritz†, Belinda Armas‡, David C. Aldridge†
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Corresponding author: Belinda Armas ( galla82@hotmail.com ) Academic editor: Ingolf Kühn
© 2014 Alexandra Zieritz, Belinda Armas, David C. Aldridge.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0) which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation:
Zieritz A, Armas B, Aldridge D (2014) Registry of non-native species in the Two Seas region countries (Great Britain, France, Belgium and the Netherlands). NeoBiota 23: 65-80. doi: 10.3897/neobiota.23.5665
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Abstract
This dataset represents a registry of species that are not native but recorded to live in the wild of at least one of the four countries that comprise the Two Seas Area, i.e. Great Britain, France, Belgium and the Netherlands. For each of the 6,661 species, subspecies and hybrids listed, we provide detailed information on its status in each country, taxonomic affiliation and environment inhabited. The data were collected by review of 36 web- and print-based sources over an eight-month period. Further systematic scanning of three of the most relevant scientific journals, i.e. Neobiota, Aquatic Invasions and BioInvasions Records, recovered 19 additional relevant publications from which information was included in the registry. As a result, the registry will serve as a basis for developing effective, cross-boundary strategies to manage and control non-native species, which can have severe ecological and economic impacts. The registry can further be used as a general reference for both scientists and practitioners, as well as a tool to assess reliability and comprehensiveness of other well-known databases such as the DAISIE portal.
Keywords
Belgium, English Channel, exotic species, France, Great Britain, invasive species, Netherlands
Definition of terms
| Native species | Refers to a species that has been observed in the form of a naturally occurring and self-sustaining population in historical times. |
| Non-native species (NS) | Refers to a species that has been introduced through human action outside its natural present or historical range. This term includes species whose main pathway of introduction is human-related although they have entered a country through natural spread from one or more neighbouring countries. However the term excludes species expanding their range without direct human action, as in the case of migration or species expanding because of climate change or habitat modification, even if these changes are caused by humans. |
| Invasive non-native species (INS) | Refers to a non-native species that adversely affects the regions and habitats it invades environmentally, economically and/or ecologically. This term therefore excludes non-native species that do not pose any significant threat to biodiversity conservation. |
Introduction
The region comprising the British Channel and southern part of the North Sea, as well as coastal areas of Great Britain, France, Belgium and The Netherlands (also referred to as The Two Seas region) has a long history of trade and travel, and includes important commercial ports such as Southampton, Felixstowe, Le Havre, Antwerp and Rotterdam ("
Invasive species do not know political borders, which is why cooperation and collaboration between countries is key in the fight against devastating and costly non-native, invasive species. Efficient cross-border communication and knowledge transfer would guarantee that knowledge on the vectors, impacts and control options for non-native species gained in one country informs decisions on management and control for non-native species in other countries. It can further help to raise the alarm on species that are likely to spread from one country to another, prompting preventive action plans. International cooperation in environmental politics can facilitate development and implementation of sustainable cross-border management practices for non-native species (
Examples exist where international cooperation has significantly improved the prevention of non-native species’ spread. These include the Inter-American Invasive Species Network (IABIN-13N, http://i3n.iabin.net/) that supports the detection and management of invasive alien species in the Americas, and the Trilateral Committee for Wildlife and Ecosystem Conservation and Management (http://www.trilat.org), which addresses environmental challenges common to Canada, United States and Mexico (
With regard to the Two Seas region, the European-funded ‘Interreg Two Seas Programme’ promotes cross-border cooperation between Great Britain, France, Belgium and The Netherlands (see http://www.interreg4a-2mers.eu for more information). Within this initiative, the RINSE (Reducing the Impacts of Non-native Species in Europe) project aims to develop cross-border tools to improve the prioritisation and targeting of non-native species. As a minimum requirement, such a regional approach to invasive species’ management requires an up-to-date and comprehensive registry of non-native species containing information on the current status of each non-native species in each of the four Two Seas region countries. To facilitate application in reliable horizon-scanning and similar exercises, and allow for meaningful comparisons of inventories between countries and taxa, it is crucial that this database is as comprehensive as possible but not skewed towards particular countries or taxa.
Unfortunately, currently available databases are unsuitable for such a purpose. For example, the number of species listed in freely accessible online databases differs considerably between databases as well as between the four countries of concern. Thus, the primary data portal for non-native species in Europe,
The present dataset aims at providing a registry of non-native species in the Two Seas region that is comprehensive and not biased towards particular countries or taxa. We achieve this by integrating information from a total of 55 national and international print- and online-sources on the presence of non-native terrestrial, marine and freshwater species in the four Two Seas region countries. In addition, for each taxon, the registry provides information on its taxonomic classification, current distribution and environment inhabited. Potential utilities of this registry include developing national checklists of non-native species, and analysing spatial patterns of distribution of species. Furthermore, the database offers a general point of reference for both scientists and practitioners working on non-natives in the Two Seas region and adjacent countries. Finally, the registry could act as a tool to assess reliability and comprehensiveness of other databases from which data was retrieved. This could be done by, for example, comparing number and identities of non-native species listed by a given source database to those of the present registry.
Metadata
Data set descriptors
A. Data set identity
Registry of non-native species in the Two Seas region countries (Great Britain, France, Belgium and the Netherlands)
B. Data set description
The dataset consists of 1 file, containing two worksheets. Worksheet “Registry” contains a 10 × 6,662 matrix of text values, Worksheet “Summary of data” contains three summarising tables in the form of three 2 × 33, 2 × 5 and 8 × 5 matrices of text and numeric values. The file is labelled as Table_RegistryNonNativeSpecies.xls
1. Principal investigators
Alexandra Zieritz. Aquatic Ecology Group, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing St. CB2 3EJ, Cambridge (UK)
Belinda Gallardo. Aquatic Ecology Group, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing St. CB2 3EJ, Cambridge (UK)
David C. Aldridge. Aquatic Ecology Group, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing St. CB2 3EJ, Cambridge (UK)
Research origin descriptors
A. Overall project description
1. Identity
We collected information on the status of non-native species in each of the four countries Great Britain, France, Belgium and the Netherlands. The taxonomic affiliation and environment inhabited by each species is also provided.
2. Originators
The project was conducted within and on behalf of the European Union funded RINSE (Reducing the Impacts of Non-native Species in Europe) Project. Methodology was developed by the three authors Alexandra Zieritz, Belinda Gallardo and David C. Aldridge. Data collection was done by Alexandra Zieritz and Belinda Gallardo.
3. Period of study
Data was collected from 01/06/2012 to 27/02/2014. Collected data correspond to contemporary species records.
4. Objectives
The primary objective of the present work was to compile a registry of non-native species present in the four countries comprising the Two Seas region, i.e. the English Channel and the Southern part of the North Sea. The registry will serve as a basis for developing effective, cross-boundary strategies to manage and control non-native species, which can have severe ecological and economic impacts. It can further be used as a general reference for both scientists and practitioners, as well as a tool to assess reliability and comprehensiveness of other well-known databases such as the
5. Source of funding
INTERREG IVA 2-Seas Programme. Funded by the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF).
Project: RINSE, Reducing the Impacts of Non-Native species in Europe.
Work Package 1 subproject: Targeting and Prioritisation for Non-Native species into the RINSE area.
Summary of the RINSE project
RINSE (Reducing the Impacts of Non-native Species in Europe) is a European Project which investigates best strategies of managing non-native species (NS) across the Two Seas Programme area. The project specifically aims to i) develop cross-border tools to improve prioritisation and targeting of NS, so that scarce resources can be directed towards the species and sites of greatest concern, ii) enhance the capacity to address NS within a range of target stakeholders, and iii) develop new approaches and best practices for the management of NS, by delivering field trials and demonstration projects. RINSE works across borders to share best practice and adopt strategic approaches to tackle the threats posed by non-native species (NS).
B. Specific subproject description
1. Site description.
a. Site type
The region includes terrestrial, marine and freshwater habitats.
b. Geography Location
Countries comprising the Two Seas Programme area (i.e. the English Channel and the Southern part of the North Sea): Great Britain, France, Belgium and The Netherlands.
c. Habitat
The region includes terrestrial, marine and freshwater habitats.
d. Geology, landform
The region includes various geological types, ranging from Pre-Cambrian, to Carboniferous, Cretaceous and Tertiary rocks.
e. Watersheds, hydrology
The main river systems in the area include the Thames, Loire, Seine, Meuse and Rhine.
f. Climate
Climatic conditions in the study area range from Mediterranean (i.e. Southern France) to temperate.
2. Experimental or sampling design
a. Design characteristics
Basic data were collected by systematic review of 36 web- and print-based sources over an eight-month period (see Table
The main 12 web- and print-based sources per taxa used for compiling the registry of non-native species in the Two Seas region countries Great Britain, France, Belgium and the Netherlands.
Acronyms and abbreviations of online databases: "
Other abbreviations: na, not applicable because no data on presence of species within the respective phylum/division in the four countries were available from this source; N, source not used with regard to respective phylum/division; Y, all taxa of respective phylum that this source lists to be present in one or more of the four countries were included; Y ex T, all taxa except terrestrial ones of respective phylum that this source lists to be present in one or more of the four countries were included.
| Phylum | Gollasch et al. (2009) | Wolff (2005) | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Viruses, Bacteria, Protista | Viruses | na | na | Y | na | na | Y | na | na | N | na | na | na |
| Firmicutes | na | na | na | na | na | Y | na | na | N | na | na | na | |
| Proteobacteria | na | Y | Y | na | na | na | na | na | N | na | na | na | |
| Cercozoa | Y | na | na | na | na | Y | na | na | N | na | Y | Y | |
| Algae | Dinoflagellata | Y | na | na | na | na | Y | Y | Y | N | na | Y | Y |
| Haptophyta | Y | na | na | na | na | Y | Y | Y | N | na | Y | na | |
| Heterokontophyta | Y | Y | Y | Y | na | Y | Y | Y | N | na | Y | Y | |
| Chlorophyta | Y | Y | Y | Y | na | Y | Y | Y | N | na | Y | Y | |
| Rhodophyta | Y | Y | Y | Y | na | Y | Y | Y | N | na | Y | Y | |
| Plantae | Marchantiophyta | Y | na | na | na | na | na | N | N | N | na | na | na |
| Bryophyta | Y | na | Y | na | na | na | N | N | N | na | na | na | |
| Lycopodiophyta | Y | na | na | na | na | Y | N | N | N | na | na | na | |
| Pteridophyta | Y | na | Y | Y | na | Y | N | N | N | Y | na | na | |
| Pinophyta | Y | na | Y | na | na | N | N | N | N | na | na | na | |
| Angiospermae | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y ex T | N | N | N | Y | Y | Y | |
| Fungi | Chytridiomycota | Y | na | na | na | na | na | N | N | N | na | na | na |
| Zygomycota | na | na | na | na | na | Y | N | N | N | na | na | na | |
| Ascomycota | Y | Y | Y | na | na | na | N | N | N | na | na | na | |
| Basidiomycota | Y | Y | Y | na | na | na | N | N | N | na | na | na | |
| Animalia | Porifera | Y | na | na | na | na | Y | Y | Y | Y | na | Y | Y |
| Cnidaria | Y | na | Y | Y | na | Y | Y | Y | Y | na | Y | Y | |
| Ctenophora | Y | na | Y | na | na | Y | Y | Y | Y | na | Y | na | |
| Platyhelminthes | Y | na | na | na | na | Y | Y | Y | Y | na | Y | Y | |
| Rotifera | Y | na | na | na | na | na | Y | Y | Y | na | na | na | |
| Bryozoa | Y | Y | Y | na | na | Y | Y | Y | Y | na | Y | Y | |
| Entoprocta | na | na | na | na | na | Y | Y | Y | Y | na | na | na | |
| Nemertea | Y | na | na | na | na | na | Y | Y | na | na | na | na | |
| Mollusca | Y | Y | Y | Y | na | Y | Y | Y | Y | na | Y | Y | |
| Annelida | Y | Y | Y | Y | na | Y | Y | Y | Y | na | Y | Y | |
| Nematoda | Y | na | Y | na | na | Y | Y | Y | Y | na | Y | Y | |
| Arthropoda | Y | Y | Y | Y | na | Y ex T | N | N | Y | Y | Y | Y | |
| Chordata | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y |
b. Data collection period, frequency, etc.
Basic data collection period was 01/06/2012 to 17/01/2013. Additional systematic scanning of the three journals Neobiota, Aquatic Invasions and BioInvasions Records was performed in January and February 2014.
3. Research methods
A number of online and print data sources were used to obtain information on non-native species present in the four Two Seas region countries. In total, the basic data were gathered from 36 sources, including the 12 listed in detail in Table
Particular care was thereby taken to avoid and counteract any bias towards particular countries. For example, the lack of a national database on non-native species in France was targeted by inclusion of an additional 11 grey-literature sources from France, which we obtained through our local RINSE partners ("
Additional 17 sources were used for following groups:
Angiospermae:
Agence de l’eau Artois Picardie and Conservatoire Botanique National de Bailleul (2005) ,Agence de l’eau Rhin Meuse (2005) ,Costa (2005) ,Delbart et al. (2007) ,Conseil General du Finistere (2008) ,Lacroix et al. (2008) ,Paradis et al. (2008) ,Zambettakis and Magnanon (2008) ,Reseau regional des Gestionnaires des Milieux Aquatiques Paca (2009) ,Hudin and Vahrameev (2010) , "DAISIE - Delivering Alien Invasive Species Inventories for Europe. 100 of The Worst ", "EPPO - European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organisation. EPPO list of invasive alien plants ", "Le Conservatoire Botanique National de Bailleul. Liste des plantes exotiques considérées comme envahissantes en Picardie ", "Q-bank. Invasive Plants database. Comprehensive databases on quarantine plant pests and diseases "Arthropoda:
Rabitsch (2008) ,Roques et al. (2010) , "DAISIE - Delivering Alien Invasive Species Inventories for Europe. 100 of The Worst "Heterokontophyta, Chlorophyta, Rhodophyta, Lycopodiophyta, Pteridophyta and Pinophyta:
Plantlife (2010)
Furthermore, all volumes of the three journals Neobiota (vol. 9–20), Aquatic Invasions (vol. 1–8) and BioInvasions Records (vol. 1–2 and vol 3 in press articles) available by February 2014 were thoroughly and systematically scanned for relevant studies that potentially provided further information on species’ presence in the RINSE countries. This was done by reading the titles and, in case that indicated potential relevance to our database, reading the abstract and complete manuscript. In total, the following 19 studies were thereby included in the registry:
Finally, apart from collecting basic data on non-native species present in at least one of the four Two Seas region countries, additional presence in the other three countries of concern was checked using the following seven geographic distribution gateways: "
After compilation of the database was completed, we checked for errors through the process of blind repetition of data-compilation for 1% of the dataset (i.e. for 34 species or 136 data points (34 species × 4 countries)). This revealed an error rate of 0.007% (i.e. 1 of 136 data points was incorrect).
The present database will be sustained in the future by periodically conducting a systematic literature review on new invasions in the four countries. This could be done, for example, by a Web of Science or Google Scholar search using keyword combinations such as “non-native OR exotic OR invasive AND Britain OR UK OR Netherlands OR France OR Belgium”, and/or a systematic scanning of the most relevant journals such as Nebiota, Aquatic Invasions and BioInvasions Records.
4. Project personnel
Principal investigators:
Alexandra Zieritz. Aquatic Ecology Group, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing St. CB2 3EJ, Cambridge (UK)
Belinda Gallardo. Aquatic Ecology Group, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing St. CB2 3EJ, Cambridge (UK)
David C. Aldridge. Aquatic Ecology Group, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing St. CB2 3EJ, Cambridge (UK)
Associated investigator:
Eduard Jones. Aquatic Ecology Group, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing St. CB2 3EJ, Cambridge (UK)
Supervisor:
David C. Aldridge. Aquatic Ecology Group, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing St. CB2 3EJ, Cambridge (UK)
Data set status and accessibility
A. Status
1. Latest update.
28/02/2014.
2. Metadata status
Metadata are complete.
B. Accessibility
1. Storage location and medium.
Original data files exist on the authors’ personal computers in MS Excel® format.
2. Contact Persons
Alexandra Zieritz: alexandra.zieritz@cantab.net
Belinda Gallardo: galla82@hotmail.com
3. Copyright restrictions
None.
4. Proprietary restrictions
None.
b. Citation
Data were provided by the RINSE (Reducing the Impacts of Non-native Species in Europe) project (http://www.rinse-europe.eu/).
Data structural descriptors
A. Data set file
1. Identity
The data set comprises one file (MS Excel® document) named Table_RegistryNonNativeSpecies.xls. The file contains two worksheet:
1.1. The “Registry” worksheet comprises the registry itself, listing all non-native species that were recorded as non-native in at least one of the four countries of the Two Seas region (Great Britain, France, Belgium and Netherlands). For each species, the phylum/division, class, genus and species name, environment, as well as its status in each of the four countries is given.
1.2. The “Summary of data” worksheet provides 3 tables, grouping the non-native species of the registry according to their 1.2.1. Phyla, 1.2.2. Presence in each Two Seas region country, and 1.2.3. Environment inhabited. Three simple graphs visualising these tables are also provided.
2. Size
The size of the file is 389 KB. The table lists 6,661 species, subspecies and hybrids. In total and including headers, the “Registry” worksheet therefore contains 66,620 cells. The “Summary of data” worksheet contains 92 cells.
3. Format and storage mode
The file type is MS Excel®. No compression scheme was employed.
4. Header information
A single header row includes the species’ phylogenetic classification (i.e. four headers: phylum/division, class, genus and species name), status in the four countries investigated (i.e. present, native, extinct or not confirmed), environment (i.e. terrestrial, freshwater, marine, freshwater+terrestrial, marine+freshwater or terrestrial+marine), and Notes.
5. Alphanumeric attributes
Alphabetic character fields.
B. Variable information
| 1. Variable identity | 2. Variable definition | 3. Units of measure-ment | 4a. Storage type | 4b. List and definition of variable codes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Phylum / Division | Taxonomic phylum or division of species | N/A | Character | N/A |
| Class | Taxonomic class of species | N/A | Character | incertae sedis - taxonomic placement currently unresolved |
| Genus | Genus name | N/A | Character | N/A |
| Species | Species name | N/A | Character | sp. - taxon not identified to species level |
| Great Britain | Status of species in Great Britain | N/A | Character | extinct - non-native species was present in the wild in GB/France/Belgium/Netherlands at some time but is no longer present in the respective country native - species native to GB/France/Belgium/Netherlands not confirmed - presence of non-native species not confirmed for GB/France/Belgium/Netherlands present - non-native species has been recorded in the wild in GB/France/Belgium/Netherlands and is likely to exist there at this time present/extinct - non-native species listed as “present” by one source but as “extinct” by another source present/native - non-native species listed as “present” by one source but as “native” by another source |
| France | Status of species in France | N/A | Character | |
| Belgium | Status of species in Belgium | N/A | Character | |
| Netherlands | Status of species in the Netherlands | N/A | Character | |
| Environment | Environment(s) inhabited by species | N/A | Character | N/A |
| Notes | Additional notes to data source | N/A | Character | data based solely on |
5. Data format
a. Columns Start column, end column
Start column = Phylum/Division, End column = Notes
Acknowledgements
RINSE is funded by the European Union Interreg IVA 2 Mers Seas Zeeën Programme, with the support of the European Regional Development Fund. The programme promotes cross-border cooperation between the coastal regions of four Member States: France (Nord-Pas de Calais), England (SW, SE), Belgium (Flanders) and The Netherlands (South coastal area). This data paper reflects the authors’ views and the Programme Authorities are not liable for any use that may be made of the information contained therein.
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